Challenge
Agricultural systems in Argentina face significant challenges from land degradation that decreases natural resilience under increasing climate extremes. Agriculture is a key economic pillar, and related activities and forestry occupy 80 % of the national territory. Southwest Buenos Aires (SWBA) Province is characterized by a semiarid climate and marginal lands with biophysically fragile soil that suffers from heavy droughts (such as in 2009). Although farmers have tried diverse coping strategies, most resulted in decreased resiliency of the agroecosystems. Climate-related information for guiding local decision making was scarce, and lack of an adequate political, social, and economic framework limited identifying and adopting appropriate adaptation measures. The National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), National Southern University (UNS), and the Agricultural Risk Office carried out isolated activities, but no specific, coordinated system at any level assessed desertification and climate dynamics. Further, convincing farmers to change their productive practices is challenging and requires technical validation of improved practices to mainstream them.
Approach
The Increasing Climate Resilience and Enhancing Sustainable Land Management in SWBA Project addressed these challenges by providing training, capacity building, and meteorological monitoring activities. These activities were complemented by demonstration pilots aimed at assisting farmers in coping with climate variability and change and at identifying concrete activities to slow down or even halt continued environmental and socioeconomic deterioration trends in the SWBA to help improve the sustainability of their livelihoods. The project promoted identifying and piloting concrete climate resilience and adaptation measures focused on crops, livestock, and water management. To promote and secure ownership of the measures addressing soil degradation and the climatic issues faced in the arid, semiarid, and irrigated geographic intervention areas, the project applied participatory planning processes with local farmers and relevant stakeholders. It promoted and achieved unprecedented interinstitutional synergy, particularly by establishing and operating a pilot Information and Early Warning System (IEWS) for climate change and desertification in the SWBA and by promoting behavioral changes among the targeted sociocultural and productive ecosystems.
Results
Implementation predominately took place during the period from mid-2016 to September 2019, with following key results achieved:
Ten institutional commitments were established. For example, the three beneficiary municipalities and the Development Corporation of the Colorado River in Bonaerense Valley (CORFO) joined to establish and operate municipal plans for sustainable forage production, conservation of natural pastures, and reforestation. In addition, a revolving fund was established to support scaling-up piloted irrigation technologies.
The Ministry of Social Development (MDS) initiated a social program to promote creation of green jobs at the national level, following a successful pilot under the project with a Villarino tree nursery, the National Roads Agency, and Foresta, a project-supported cooperative.
A pilot Information and Early Warning System (IEWS) for climate change and desertification in the SWBA was established and put into operation. By January 2020, the IEWS produced, disseminated, and constantly improved 13 quarterly Meteorological and Agricultural Outlook Reports covering agrometeorological conditions, agricultural production forecasts, fire and wind erosion risk, and recommended countermeasures. Twelve automated weather stations were installed in the SWBA in close collaboration with the National Meteorological Service (SMN), which continues to operate and maintain them.
Forty-one adaptation technologies were identified through participatory processes, 14 of which have been implemented. These include loosening topsoil and deepening the soil profile using paratill; planting perennial pastures; drip irrigation; crop rotation; soil mapping and land management zoning; native plant breeding; simulation and evaluation of drought effects; and saline soil remediation.
A total of 473 articles were registered as produced and disclosed. The project was visible in social media and in workshops, including at the Adaptation Fund¡¯s tenth anniversary at the Conference of Parties 23 in Bonn in 2017.
More than 118 training days were delivered, 2,172 people received training, and six manuals were produced documenting and disseminating the primary good practices promoted.
Capacity building at an INTA laboratory
Bank Group Contribution
ľ¹ÏÓ°Ôº, through the Bank-administered Adaptation Fund, financed a portion of the project¡¯s costs under a grant in the amount of US$3.96 million. The Bank had been deeply engaged in various aspects of Argentina¡¯s climate change and agriculture agendas for years, particularly a first pilot of this project similarly supported through the Adaptation Fund.
Partners
The project worked closely with the municipal governments of Puan, Villarino, and Patagones and coordinated with the government of the Buenos Aires Province through the Provincial Sustainable Development Agency. Four local technical institutions were key implementation partners: INTA managed eight specific intervention sites, while one each was managed by UNS, the Center of Renewable Natural Resources in Semiarid Zones of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council, and Carlos Spegazzini Agrarian School. SMN, Ministry of Agroindustry, MDS, the National Roads Agency, and CORFO all joined the project during implementation. Additionally, it should be noted that the project was co-financed with approximately US$2.5 million of mainly in-kind contributions.
Beneficiaries
The project directly benefited 1,632 people, of whom 427 were small or medium agricultural and livestock producers (384 men and 43 women), located on arid lands in the municipalities of Puan, Villarino, and Patagones in the SWBA, who participated in implementing the piloted and promoted practices. A total of 118 training days were held, with 2,172 people participating, to build capacity regarding sustainable land management, incorporating climate variables into productive decision-making processes, and the IEWS, including monitoring, adaptive management, and disseminating lessons learned. Contributing local and national institutions, such as INTA, UNS, MAyDS, and SMN, strengthened their capacity to contribute to improving climate resilience and combating desertification.
Sharing of good practices in the field
Moving Forward
The project supported municipal plans regarding sustainable forage production and reforestation and strengthened collaboration between the municipalities and local technical institutions to secure continued support for implementing these plans. The collaboration established contributes to a strategic sustainability framework and a degree of scalability for key project activities within and beyond the SWBA. The technical and academic institutions have integrated related work into their operating and research programs, including institutionalizing their contributions to the IEWS, which continues to guide decision making by producers and technical and municipal entities; its expansion to additional municipalities is underway. Opportunities exist to scale up demonstrated practices and replicate the IEWS, for example, through the ongoing Integrated Risk Management in the Rural Agroindustrial System, which has strategic potential to replicate, scale-up, and further develop many of this project¡¯s results.