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This report is part of a broader piece of analytical work: Identification and Evaluation of Market-

Based Models and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Options for Non-Sewered Sanitation (NSS)

Services in Selected Cities/Towns in Kenya. The report builds on earlier market intelligence research

(unpublished) conducted in Kisumu, Malindi, Nairobi (Eastlands), Naivasha, and Wajir as well as

the NSS business model report (unpublished), which identifies and evaluates promising marketbased

business models for scaling up NSS across the entire NSS service chain: from containment

to emptying and transport to treatment and disposal/reuse.

Countries around the world are facing multiple overlapping challenges,

which are hindering¡ªeven reversing¡ªprogress toward their development

goals. Extreme poverty rose globally in 2020 for the first time in over two

decades. Many countries are still grappling with the health, economic, and

social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; and vaccination rates remain low

in the poorest countries. Already high inflation has been exacerbated by the

Russian invasion of Ukraine, making food, energy, and other necessities more

expensive, with much of the burden falling on the poorest and most vulnerable

people.