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enGENDER IMPACT: Increasing Economic Opportunities


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Globally, women represent about half the world¡¯s population, but only 41 percent of the total formal sector workforce. Trends suggest that gains in women¡¯s labor force participation worldwide over the last few decades have been small and slow, still hovering around 51 percent globally, and as low as 21 percent in the Middle East and North Africa. Moreover, labor force participation rates by themselves mask important differences in how and when women and men participate in the world of work.

Gender gaps persist in terms of the types of jobs that women and men have, how much they are paid, and the extent of unpaid work, with significant regional variation as well. Whether we consider entrepreneurs, employees, or farmers, there are many constraints to women¡¯s work. As a result, interventions can take many different approaches to remove constraints and accelerate women¡¯s ability to participate and succeed in the world of work¡ªincluding in industries and occupations that are dominated by men.

ľ¹ÏÓ°Ôº Group has long been a leader in innovation and evaluation related to women¡¯s work and earnings. This includes, among many other things, private sector work by the International Finance Corporation to support women in business, and the World Bank¡¯s work on social protection and labor and in strengthening adolescent girls¡¯ transition from school to work.


Relevant outcomes: income; wages; earnings; consumption; labor force participation; job performance; productivity; firm growth; access to credit, land, savings and property; savings; entrepreneurship; investment


 

IE Title & Author(s)

Country

Gender Outcome(s)

Intervention Category


Perova & Vakis

Peru

Consumption, income, use of healthcare services, child labor, school enrollment, school attendance

Cash Transfer


Zivin, et al.

Kenya

Reproductive Health, school attendance, labor force participation, nutrition

Antiretroviral Treatment


Schady & Rosero

Ecuador

Nutrition, intrahousehold bargaining, consumption

Cash Transfer


De Mel, et al.

Sri Lanka

Women's labor force participation, productivity, access to credit

Cash Transfer


Galasso, et al.

Argentina

Female labor force participation, wages

Cash Transfer, Training


Blattman, et al.

Uganda

Gender disaggregated earnings, savings, consumption, psychological agency, domestic violence

Cash Transfer


De Mel, et al.

Sri Lanka

Women's vocational knowledge and skills, job performance, property, access to credit, earnings

Training


De Janvry, et al.

Mexico

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, child labor

Cash Transfer


Macours, et al.

Nicaragua

Children's Nutrition, access to healthcare, cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills, Women's labor force participation, psychological agency

Cash Transfer


Thomas, et al.

Indonesia

Gender disaggregated nutrition, psychological agency, labor force participation, productivity

Iron Supplements


Macours & Vakis

Nicaragua

Women's Aspirations, motivation, school attendance, income, property

Cash Transfer


Lokshin & Yemtsov

Georgia

Female labor force participation, school enrollment, school attendance, health risks

Infrastructure Projects


Coady, et al.

China

Gender disaggregated income, aspirations

Collective Action


Barron, et al.

Indonesia

Income, participation and voice in the community

Community Driven Development


Fearon, et al.

Liberia

Participation and voice in community, income

Community Driven Development


Skoufias & Di Maro

Mexico

Gender disaggregated labor force participation, income

Cash Transfer


Maluccio

Nicaragua

Gender disaggregated consumption, labor force participation

Cash Transfer


Blattman, et al.

Uganda

Vocational knowledge or skills, labor force participation, productivity, participation or voice in community

Cash Transfer


Macours, et al.

Nicaragua

Female income, labor force participation, wages, access to credit

Training, Cash Transfer


Gine, et al.

Pakistan

Gender disaggregated access to credit, psychological agency

Microfinance, information intervention


Arcand & Bassole

Senegal

Health of women, nutrition, consumption, participation or having a voice in the community

Community Driven Development


Health & Mobarak

Bangladesh

Female school attendance, school enrollment

Factories


Mckenzie, et al.

Bolivia

Gender disaggregated productivity

Firm Formalization


Bloom, et al.

India

Productivity of male family members

Business Training


Verner & Verner

Cote d'Ivoire

Gender disaggregated productivity

Vocational Training


Blattman, et al.

Uganda

Gender disaggregated income, consumption, labor force participation, participation or voice in community, psychological agency

Cash Transfer


Field

Peru

Property, labor force participation

Land Titling


Premand, et al.

Tunisia

Gender disaggregated outcomes: entrepreneurship, labor force participation, vocational knowledge or skills, access to credit, aspirations, non-cognitive skills

Training


Ali, et al.

Rwanda

Women's property, investment

Land Rights


Jalan & Ravallion

Argentina

Gender disaggregated income

Cash Transfer


Nkonya, et al.

Nigeria

Property, productivity, participation or voice in community

Agricultural Development


Braido, et al.

Brazil

Consumption, intrahousehold decision-making

Cash Transfer


Koolwal

India

Savings, access to credit, intrahousehold decision making

Community Development


Gine & Karlan

Philippines

Women's access to credit

Microfinance


Berg & Zia

South Africa

Gender disaggregated access to credit, savings

Information Intervention


Parajuli, et al.

Nepal

Participation or voice in the community, consumption

Community Driven Development


Yamauchi , et al.

Philippines

Gender disaggregated outcomes: School attainment, wages, migration

Education


Deininger, et al.

Ethiopia

Women's owned property, investment

Land Titling


Alderman

Uganda

Gender disaggregated nutrition, income

Early Childhood Development, Deworming


Gine & Yang

Malawi

Gender disaggregated access to credit

Credit and insurance


Gertler, et al.

Mexico

Investment, consumption

Cash Transfer


Gertler, et al.

Jamaica

Gender disaggregated income, labor force participation, school attainment, cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills

Preschool


Kandpal, et al.

India

Female labor force participation, intrahousehold bargaining, participation or voice in community

Community Development


De Mel, et al.

Sri Lanka

Productivity, intrahousehold decision making

Cash Transfer


Cole, et al.

Indonesia

Gender disaggregated access to credit, savings

Training


Blattman & Annan

Liberia

Labor force participation, participation or voice in the community

Training


De Mel, et al.

Sri Lanka

Gender disaggregated productivity

Cash Transfer


Galasso & Ravallion

Argentina

Female labor force participation, income

Cash Transfer


Groh, et al.

Jordan

Female labor force participation, non-cognitive skills, aspirations, psychological agency

Training, Cash Transfer


Clemens & Tiongson

Philippines

Gender Disaggregated: consumption, access to healthcare, property, savings, school performance, intrahousehold bargaining

Migration Permits


Thirumurthy, et al.

Kenya

Reproductive health, female labor force participation

Antiretroviral Treatment


Attanasio & Mesnard

Colombia

Consumption, nutrition after transfers to a female

Cash Transfer


Paes de Barros, et al.

Brazil

Women's labor force participation

Preschool


Gilligan, et al.

Ethiopia

Gender disaggregated nutrition, access to credit, employment

Cash Transfers


Carneiro, et al.

Chile

Gender disaggregated labor force participation, psychological agency

Social Support


Skoufias, et al.

Mexico

Gender disaggregated productivity, consumption

Cash Transfer


Gibson, et al.

Tonga

Gender disaggregated income, property, nutrition, labor force participation

Migration


Khandker, et al.

Bangladesh

Gender disaggregated labor force participation, school attendance

Infrastructure


Hasan

Pakistan

Gender norms, labor force participation

Cash Transfer


Trung, et al.

Vietnam

Gender disaggregated income, investment, labor force participation, intrahousehold bargaining

Land Titling


Hicks, et al.

Kenya

Gender disaggregated vocational training, gender norms

Training


Khandker, et al.

Vietnam

Gender disaggregated school attendance, gender disaggregated property

Infrastructure


Bertrand, et al.

South Africa

Gender disaggregated access to credit

Microfinance


Woodruff, et al.

Ghana

Gender disaggregated productivity, consumption

Cash Transfer


Doi, et al.

Indonesia

Female vocational knowledge or skills, access to credit

Training


Bruhn, et al.

Mexico

Access to credit, savings

Financial Literacy Training


Deininger, et al.

India

Women's owned property, gender disaggregated school attainment

Legal Reform

 

 

 

 



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