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enGENDER IMPACT: Shrinking Education and Skills Gaps


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One of the main implications of the is that investments in basic human capital are a prerequisite for a policy environment conductive to growth. Despite broad gains in girls¡¯ and young women¡¯s education, gaps still persist in some countries and regions in terms of education participation, attainment, and outcomes.

Girls often face unique constraints to school, such as son-biases, domestic responsibilities at home, inadequate access to sanitary facilities and resources, and inability to travel as far. Even where gender parity is reached in terms of enrollment, girls and boys are often "streamed" into different fields and opportunities, and this pattern starts the trajectory for women to end up in less productive and lower paying work later on. There are also gender gaps in non-cognitive skills¡ªsuch as motivation, aspirations, emotional skills, communication skills, and interpersonal skills¡ªthat play a role in determining outcomes later in life.

Building on its large portfolio of work on education, the World Bank has evaluated a wide variety of programs to reduce gender disparities in education, including scholarship programs that increase female enrollment, cash transfer programs that reduce child labor and increase attendance, school management interventions that increase community participation in schools, and school feeding programs that increase attendance and improve cognitive development.

Issue brief: 

Issue brief: 

Relevant outcomes: Educational or training enrollment, attainment, attendance, or performance; literacy or numeracy; vocational knowledge or skills; cognitive skills; non-cognitive skills; child labor


IE Title & Author(s)

Country

Gender Outcome(s)

Intervention Category


Barrera-Orsorio & Linden

Colombia

Gender disaggregated school performance

Education


Perova & Vakis

Peru

Consumption, income, use of healthcare services, child labor, school enrollment, school attendance

Cash Transfer


Newman, et al.

Bolivia

Child mortality, use of healthcare services, school performance

Social Fund


Bobonis, et al.

India

Gender disaggregated nutrition, school enrollment, school attendance

Iron Supplements


De Mel, et al.

Sri Lanka

Women's vocational knowledge and skills, job performance, property, access to credit, earnings

Training


De Janvry, et al.

Mexico

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, child labor

Cash Transfer


Canton & Blom

Mexico

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, school performance

Cash Transfer


Baird, et al.

Malawi

Female school attainment, cognitive skills, decision making over family formation

Cash Transfer


Macours, et al.

Nicaragua

Children's Nutrition, access to healthcare, cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills, Women's labor force participation, psychological agency

Cash Transfer


Macours, et al.

Nicaragua

Boys and girls health, nutrition, non-cognitive skills

Cash Transfer, Training


Schady & Araujo

Ecuador

Gender disaggregated school enrollment

Cash Transfer


Macours & Vakis

Nicaragua

Women's Aspirations, motivation, school attendance, income, property

Cash Transfer


Attanasio, et al.

Colombia

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, child labor

Cash Transfer


Lokshin & Yemtsov

Georgia

Female labor force participation, school enrollment, school attendance, health risks

Infrastructure Projects


Chaudhury & Parajuli

Pakistan

Female school enrollment

Cash Transfer


Blattman, et al.

Uganda

Vocational knowledge or skills, labor force participation, productivity, participation or voice in community

Cash Transfer


Kremer, et al.

Kenya

Gender disaggregated education enrollment, attainment, and performance

School Resources


Cameron

Indonesia

Gender disaggregated school attainment

Cash Transfer


Alam, et al.

Pakistan

Girls school attainment, labor force participation, child labor, decision making over family formation

Cash Transfer


Ravallion & Wodon

Bangladesh

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, school attendance

School Fee Reduction


Jimenez & Sawada

El Salvador

Gender disaggregated school attainment

School Management


Health & Mobarak

Bangladesh

Female school attendance, school enrollment

Factories


Paxson & Schady

Ecuador

Gender disaggregated cognitive skills, non-cognitive skill, psychological agency

Cash Transfer


Armecin, et al.

Philippines

Children cognitive skills, nutrition

Early Childhood Development


Duflo, et al.

Kenya

Reproductive health, school enrollment, fertility

Reproductive Health


Kazianga, et al.

Burkina Faso

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, school attendance, nutrition

Nutrition


Premand, et al.

Tunisia

Gender disaggregated outcomes: entrepreneurship, labor force participation, vocational knowledge or skills, access to credit, aspirations, non-cognitive skills

Training


Behrman, et al.

Bolivia

Cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills disaggregated by mothers' characteristics

Preschool


Barrera-Osorio, et al.

Pakistan

School enrollment

Public Private Partnership


Cho, et al.

Malawi

Gender disaggregated vocational knowledge or skills

Training


Hasan

Pakistan

Girls and boys school enrollment

Cash Transfer


Filmer & Schady

Cambodia

Female school enrollment, school attendance

Cash Transfer


Berlinski, et al.

Uruguay

Gender disaggregated school attendance, school attainment

Preschool


Buttenheim, et al.

Laos

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, nutrition

School Feeding


Yamauchi & Liu

Philippines

Gender disaggregated outcomes: School Attainment, wages, migration

Education


Jalan & Glinskaya

India

Gender disaggregated school attendance, school attainment

School Management


Kremer, et al.

Kenya

School performance, motivation

Cash Transfer


No authors

Liberia

Education performance

Education Management


Nguyen

Madagascar

School Achievement, School Attendance, Aspirations

Information Intervention


Gertler, et al.

Jamaica

Gender disaggregated income, labor force participation, school attainment, cognitive skills, non-cognitive skills

Preschool


Angrist, et al.

Colombia

Gender disaggregated school attainment, school achievement, school performance

School Voucher


Cerdan-Infantes & Vermeersch

Uruguay

Gender disaggregated Educational Attainment and Performance

School Management


Ferreira, et al.

Cambodia

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, child labor

Cash Transfer


Banerjee, et al.

India

Gender disaggregated school performance

Information Intervention


Duflo, et al.

Kenya

Gender disaggregated school performance

School Management


Vermeersch & Kremer

Kenya

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, attendance, performance; nutrition

School Feeding


Blimpo & Evans

The Gambia

Gender disaggregated enrollment, school performance, school attendance

School Management


Olken, et al.

Indonesia

Maternal health, nutrition, school attendance

Community Driven Development


Clemens & Tiongson

Philippines

Gender Disaggregated: consumption, access to healthcare, property, savings, school performance, intrahousehold bargaining

Migration Permits


Khandker, et al.

Bangladesh

School enrollment

Cash Transfer


McEwan & Santib¨¢?ez

Mexico

School achievement

School Management


Muralidharan & Sunderararaman

India

School performance

Teacher Incentives


Barrera-Orsorio, et al.

Colombia

Gender disaggregated school enrollment

School Fee Reduction


Pradhan & Rawlings

Nicaragua

Gender disaggregated school enrollment, child health, sanitation

Infrastructure


Adelman, et al.

Uganda

Performance, Literacy and numeracy

Nutrition


Alderman, et al.

Uganda

Gender disaggregated education or training enrollment, attainment, attendance

Nutrition


Oosterbeek, et al.

Ecuador

The impact of cash transfers to women on child school enrollment

Cash Transfer


Evans, et al.

Kenya

Education attainment, attendance, performance

School Supplies


Khandker, et al.

Bangladesh

Gender disaggregated labor force participation, school attendance

Infrastructure


Martinez, et al.

Mozambique

Gender disaggregated nutrition, Educational enrolment, attainment, performance, literacy and numeracy, non-cognitive skills, women's labor force participation, aspirations

Early Childhood Development


Baird, et al.

Malawi

School enrollment, decision making over family formation, fertility

Cash Transfer


Benhassine, et al.

Morocco

Gender disaggregated results: School enrollment, school attendance, school performance

Cash Transfer


Hicks, et al.

Kenya

Gender disaggregated vocational training, gender norms

Training


Khandker, et al.

Vietnam

Gender disaggregated school attendance, gender disaggregated property

Infrastructure


Doi, et al.

Indonesia

Female vocational knowledge or skills, access to credit

Training


Deininger, et al.

India

Women's owned property, gender disaggregated school attainment

Legal Reform


Miguel & Kremer

Kenya

Gender disaggregated use of healthcare services, school attendance

Deworming

     

 

 



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